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Honorific nicknames in popular music
Honorific nicknames in popular music are often religious, familial, or (most frequently) royal and aristocratic in nature and are used as a form of expression in the media, or to identify the significance of an artist by fans. Honorific nicknames were used in classical music in Europe as early as the early nineteenth century, with figures like Mozart being called "The father of modern music" and Bach "The father of modern piano music".〔A. R. Frey, ''Sobriquets and Nicknames'' (1888, published online by BiblioBazaar, 2009), p. 115.〕 They were also particularly prominent in African American culture in the post-Civil War era, perhaps as a means of conferring status that had been negated by slavery,〔S. S. Walker, "What's in a name: Black awareness keeps the African tradition of 'meaningful names' alive", ''Ebony'', vol. 32 (8), (June 1977), pp. 74-8.〕 and as a result entered early jazz and blues music, including figures such as Duke Ellington and Count Basie.〔D. Evans, "From Bumble Bee Slim to Black Boy Shine: Nicknames of Blues Singers" in D. Evans, ed., ''Ramblin' on my mind: new perspectives on the blues: African American music in global perspective'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), pp. 179-222.〕
In American culture, despite its republican constitution and ideology,〔S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. S. Lemos, ''Ancient Greece: from the Mycenaean palaces to the age of Homer'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), p. 272.〕 honorific nicknames have been used to describe leading figures in various areas of activity, such as industry, commerce, sport and the media; ''father'' or ''mother'' have been used for innovators, and royal titles like ''king'' and ''queen'' for dominant figures in a field.〔M. Benoliel and Linda Cashdan, ''The Upper Hand: Winning Strategies from World-Class Negotiators'' (Adams Media, 2006), p. 26.〕〔B. G. Rader, ''Baseball: a history of America's game'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 3rd edn., 2008), p. 140.〕 In the 1930s and 1940s, as jazz and swing music were gaining popularity, it was the more commercially successful white artists Paul Whiteman and Benny Goodman who became known as "The King of Jazz" and "The King of Swing" respectively, despite such genres of music originating from African American culture.〔Y. Bynoe, ''Stand and deliver: political activism, leadership, and hip hop culture'' (Soft Skull Press, 2004), p. 155.〕 These patterns of naming were transferred to rock and roll when it emerged in the 1950s. There was a series of attempts to find (and a number of claimants to be) the "King of Rock 'n' Roll", a title that became most associated with Elvis Presley.〔M. T. Bertrand, ''Race, rock, and Elvis: Music in American life'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 220.〕 This has been seen as part of a process of the appropriation of credit for innovation of the then new music by a white establishment.〔G. B. Rodman, "A hero to most?; Elvis, myth and the politics of race", ''Cultural Studies'' vol. 8 (3), (1994), p. 474.〕 Different honorifics have been taken or given for other leading figures in the genre, such as "The Architect of Rock and Roll", by Little Richard from the 1990s,〔J. Warner, ''On this day in black music history'' (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006), p. 56,〕 but this term, like many, is also used for other important figures, in this case including pioneer electric guitarist Les Paul.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/les-paul )〕
Similar honorific nicknames have been given in other genres, including Aretha Franklin, who was literally crowned "Queen of Soul" by disk jockey Pervis Spann on stage in 1968.〔A. Kempton, ''Boogaloo: the Quintessence of American Popular Music'' (University of Michigan Press, 2005), p. 58.〕 Other nicknames have been adopted in direct emulation of these, including Michael Jackson's title "King of Pop" from 1989.〔Christopher P. Andersen, ''MJ Michael Jackson: unauthorized'' (Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 215.〕〔R Jones and S. Brown, ''Michael Jackson, the man behind the mask: an insider's story of the king of pop'' (Select Books, 2005), p. 49.〕 Honorific nicknames are often part of a process of marketing and may be adopted or dropped by the press and fans over time.〔R. H. Fiske, ''Vocabula Bound: Essays on the English Language from The Vocabula Review'' (Marion Street Press, 2004), p. 245.〕 They have been strongly promulgated and contested by various artists〔("The 'Queen of Soul' is not happy about Grammy incident" ), ''NME News'', retrieved 2009-05-09.〕 and occasionally disowned or played down by their subjects.〔("What's in a nickname?" ), ''BBC Magazine'', retrieved 2009-05-09.〕 Some notable honorific nicknames are in general usage and commonly identified with particular individuals.
==Individual titles==
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